Cartography, or map-making is the study and, often, practice, of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface, and one who makes maps is called a cartographer.
Road maps are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include aeronautical and nautical charts, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by municipalities, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the British Ordnance Survey (now a civilian government agency internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work).
A globe is a three-dimensional scale model of a spheroid celestial body such as a planet, star, or moon, in particular Earth, or, alternatively, a spherical representation of the sky with the stars.
The oldest extant picture that resembles a map was created in the late 7th millennium BC in Anatolia, modern Turkey. This wall painting represents a plan of an early urban area that prospered from trading obsidian.
Whoever visualized the that 'mental map' may have been encouraged by the fact that houses in Anatolia were clustered together and were entered via flat roofs. Therefore, it was normal for the inhabitants to view their city from a bird's eye view. Later civilizations followed the same convention; today, almost all maps are drawn as if we are looking down from the sky instead of from a horizontal or oblique perspective. There are exceptions: one of the ‘quasi-maps' of the Minoan civilization on Crete, the "House of the Admiral" wall painting dating from c. 1600 BC, shows a seaside community in an oblique perspective.